Learning with the Middle Age

The religiously enthusiastic Europe launched a series of holy wars called the crusades against the Muslims in Jerusalem with a purpose to retrieve the Holy Land, as they thought the Holy Land should be in the hands of Christians. A total of nine crusades began with Pope Urban II's influential speech calling on Christian princes in Europe to rescue the Holy Land in 1095 and ended in 1291 when Acre, the last Christian city in Palestine, was lost. In addition, there was a children crusade which ended when many children were enslaved or kidnapped in the East. It was marked as the decline of the crusade movement.

Effectively, the crusades had great impact on every level. Although costing millions of lives and finance and causing sufferings that brought by the negative contingencies of war, the crusades helped enhance the power of papacy and undermine the feudal system. It also created a constant demand in commerce and amplified intellectual development. Being in the foreign East liberated and enlightened many minds of many crusaders because at the time the East had a more advanced civilization then the West. Crusaders came home with an expended knowledge in science and other learnings and had newer ideas, which inspired many intellectuals and Western minds and finally resulted in an added fuel to the intellectual awakening in Europe.

Video: The Crusades

Even though the crusades were brutal and cost a lot of lives, it sparked a medieval awakening. The video below discusses the cause of the crusades as well as the crusades' mighty influence on the Medieval Times. The aftermath of the crusades was a huge turning point of the Dark Age from chaos to triumph.

Questions:

1. What became a problem after the Viking age?
2. Who became the principle sources of authority?
3. In order to get the knights to pay attention, what did the clergy use?
4. What did the Peace of God proclaim?
5. What was the Truce of God?
6. How many crusade were there?
7. What was the most valuable thing the Crusaders brought back to Europe?

Answers*

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• retrieve-to recover or regain. Chinese:重新得到,收回 Spanish:recuperar
• contingency-a situation that comes as a consequence of some other event. Chinese:(伴隨發生的)情況 Spanish:contingencia
• undermine-to attack by indirect, secret, or underhand means; attempt to subvert by stealth. Chinese:暗中破壞;逐漸損害 Spanish:minar, quitar

"The Christian religion, though scattered and abroad will in the end gather itself together at the foot of the cross."

During the medieval times, the dominant religion was Christianity in the form of Roman Catholicism. The word, “catholic” was derived from the Middle English word “catholic”, the Old French word “catholique”, and also the Latin word “catholicus” signifying “universe” or “whole. The Roman Catholic Church was the central church and other various religious institutions, such as convents and monasteries, also became important. Not only so, the Church gradually gained control and became the center of power. Religion and politics were inextricable unlike today. However, Christianity had a rough beginning.

Unfortunately, citizens of the Christendom had a misconception, their belief, was that the only way to go to heaven was with the Catholic Church’s permission, thus giving The Catholic Church great privileges and power. The Church held its own laws, land, and taxes. Additionally, the Church also received payments for various ceremonies such as weddings and baptisms, for instance, that needed to be conducted in the Church and also included gifts of different kinds from people who wanted to ensure a place in heaven. As a result, the Church became very wealthy as evident in many of the well-built elegant cathedrals (see picture below). Its power grew even stronger as it accumulated more riches. Kings and ruler were subjected to the Church. Any opposition would result in excommunication, which meant expulsion from the church, but in reality the person became an outcast of the Catholic society.

Despite the distorted doctrines, the Church did assist in some ways to stabilize the medieval society. For instance, the Church used its power to shave off some of the violence of feudal times. A doctrine called the Truce of God forbade fighting from Wednesday evening to Monday morning. Another law that was employed was called the Peace of God, in which priests denied sacrament to people who stole from the church and robbed property from the villagers. Throughout the Medieval Times, a general belief of Christian tradition helped keep the medieval society from utterly collapsing.

Video: Common Thread of Christianity

As mentioned above, regardless of the injustice that the Church imposed on people in the name of Christianity, Christian faith was a very important holding force of the medieval society in the chaotic time. The video below extracted from the History Channel talks about how Christianity was the common thread that connected the scattered medieval society. Through discussing about the conversion of a barbarian Frankish king, Clovis I, this video shows us how important Christianity had become in the Medieval Era.

Questions: Did u pay attention?

1. Who was the first Frankish King that converted to Christianity?
2. After the fall of Rome, Europe split into numerous small territories commanded by who?
3. Life was lack of _______? a)security b)hostility c)war
4. What was the common thread of the people at the time?
5. What did Christianity offer to the common people?
6. For the earlier Christians, what paid for the road to redemption?
7. Which Roman Emperor legalized Christianity in 313 AD?
8. What did Clovis do after he conquer a village?
9. What is the most important legacy of Clovis?

Answers*

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• inextricable-cannot be separated. Chinese:糾結一起的 Spanish:inextricable
• martyr-a person who's willing to die or suffer for his belief. Chinese:殉教者,殉道者 Spanish: mártir
• Christendom-courties that are devoted to Christianity. Chinese:基督教國家 Spanish:-----
• misconception-mistaken notion. Chinese:錯誤想法 Spanish:error
• thread-the line used in sewing Chinese:線 Spanish:hilo
• plunder-to rob of goods or valuables by open force, as in war, hostile raids, brigandage, etc.: to plunder a town. Chinese:掠奪,劫掠,搶劫 Spanish:saquear
• ordeal-any extremely severe or trying test, experience, or trial. Chinese:嚴峻考驗;苦難,折磨 Spanish:terrible experiencia

"A functioning police state needs no police."- William S. Burrough (1914-1997, American Writer)

There is a Chinese saying that says that " the police are the babysitters of the people." The system of policing has been guarding and helping our society to keep order for a long time. In fact, the origin of policing can be traced back to the early medieval Britain. Here is an article extracted from the Cambridge Initiative:A Course for Advanced Learners that tells us about it.

The Origin of Policing

In early times Britain was settled by waves of different invaders. Among the last of these were the Anglo-Saxons. When they settled in England they lived in small communities, that is, in villages rather than in towns. They brought their own customs and laws to protect people and their property. According to the Anglo-Saxon custom, if someone broke the law it was not just a crime against the victim, but a crime against the whole community.

The Anglo-Saxon kings expected their people to keep good order, and this they called keeping the peace. A crime was an act against the peace, and some of the more serious crimes were said to be against the King's Peace. Gradually the idea grew that all crimes were against the King's Peace.

Under Anglo-Saxon rule, it was the duty of the citizens themselves to see that the law was not broken, and if it was, the offenders were captured. All the males in the community between the ages of 12 and 60 were responsible for this duty. They were organized in groups of about 10 families and each group was called a tithing: at their head was a tithing man. Ten tithings were grouped into a hundred and were supervised by a constable. Groups of ten hundreds created a shire, controlled by reeves.Each member of the tithing was held responsible for the good behavior of the others. If one member of the tithing committed a crime, the others had to capture him and bring him before the court, or the moot as the Saxons called it. If they failed to do so, they were all punished, usually by paying a fine. In a way, the tithing man is a very early ancestor of the policeman, because it was his duty to see that the King's Peace was kept. If anyone saw a crime, he raised a hue and cry and all men had to join him to trial before the court.

For minor offenses, people accused of crimes were brought to the local folk moot. More serious cases went to the hundred court, headed by a shire-reeve, or sheriff as he came to be known. The sheriff's responsibility to the King was to keep the peace of the whole area. In an emergency, the sheriff could call out the posse comitatus-all the available men in the shire.

Questions
1. What did the Anglo-Saxons consider a crime to be?
2. What was the original significance of doing something against the King's Peace?
3. Who was responsible for catching thieves?
4. What was a tithing?
5. What was a moot?
6. If someone saw a crime, what did he have to do?
7. What is the origin of the word sheriff?
8. What was a posse comitatus?

"Education is the transmission of civilization." - Ariel and Will Durant

In the classroom, students would sit together on the floor and would take notes “using a bone or ivory stylus on wooden tablets coated with green or black wax” because paper was very scarce. Books were very rare. The picture below contains the wooden tablet that the medieval students used. (The 2nd picture is something for you to smile about. :D )

Video: Introduction to Great Britain: Medieval Architecture-Cambridge

Were you paying attention? Here are some questions to see if you were paying attention. :P

1. What was the peak of medieval sophistication?

2. At the beginning of the Medieval Times, buildings grew out of what?

3. In which century did the Cambridge University begin?

4. Who decided to build the King's College?

5. Why was it difficult to build the King's College at first?

6. Which building was the most magnificent building in the University?

7. King's College has the largest what in the world?

8. How long did it take to complete the King's College?

Answers*

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taboo - a prohibition . Chinese:禁忌 Spanish:tabú

peak - the highest point of a mountain. Chinese:頂;山頂 Spanish:cima

delicacy - fineness of texture, quality, etc. Chinese:n. 精美;柔軟 Spanish:delicadeza

miraculous - marvelous; like miracle. Chinese:奇蹟般的 Spanish:milagroso

"Most medieval people were not knights, kings, churchmen, or merchants. Most (more than nine out of ten) were peasants who eked out hard livings from the land." - A Medieval life by Judith M. Bennett

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eke out - to make (a living). Chinese:勉強地維持 Spanish:ganarse la vida a duras penas

witty - amusingly clever in perception and expression. Chinese:機智的;說話風趣的 Spanish:ingenioso, gracioso

rampage - violent or excited behavior that is reckless, uncontrolled, or destructive. Chinese:暴跳;橫衝直撞 Spanish:alborotar

The Medieval Times, also known as Middle Age or the Dark Age, according to convention, started after the fall of Roman Empire in the 5th century and ended at the daybreak of the Renaissance in the 15th century (I said according to convention because there are many discrepancies about when the Medieval Times actually began). Rome´s splendor sank into history with time. The former enormous land of Rome was broken into many tiny kingdoms. The constant battles with bordering kingdoms and invasions by the Vikings, Goths, Moors, or other Germanic tribes gave life in Europe a different look. The Church gradually gained control and became the center power. Civilization progressed slowly. Books were scarce and writings were a property of the rich; art and literature declined; science was viewed as a heresy; and communication was difficult and primarily by word of mouth.


Feudalism

People tend to focus on the heroic knight tales or romantic stories of the Middle age; however, life for an ordinary person, the peasants, was rather difficult and routine and activities revolved around the agrarian calendar. The society was organized by a feudal system. In this pyramidal system the king was on the top and he granted lands called manors to his nobles or barons, who were known as lords of the manor. A manor consisted of the castle, the church, the village, and farm lands. The lord was in complete control of the manor and the people in it; however, the lord was to provide the king with knights for military service in times of war. Knights were under the lord and were given lands by the lord. In return, knights had to protect the baron and his family, as well as the manor. The knights would thus distribute lands to the “serfs” or “villeins”, peasants at the bottom of the system. In exchange for living and protection, the serfs had to provide free labor and grow food that their superiors needed. This exchange was unfair and difficult. The peasants were over-taxed and required to give up most of what they harvested. Getting through another day was the basic agenda for the ordinary people.

After William the Conqueror’s conquest in 1066 (this was in England), many of the barons were French and knew that the Saxons were hostile and vicious, so, many of them constructed castles and hired many knights’ for protection. However, there were other lords that chose to live in manors because it created a splendid reflection on the baron’s status. Another central feature of the manor was the church. Roman Catholicism was the dominant religion and power. Bishops or archbishops were rich and helped to govern the country. It was the law for people to attend church. Local priests were poor and often uneducated. It was their job to tend to the sick and preach at the church. The rest of the manor land was used by the peasants and were occupied by farm lands. Their houses merely had one room and the family often shared with animals. The serfs also grew crops on that land. Those isolated manors were occasionally visited by pilgrims and traveling merchants, who brought in new spices from the East and told stories of foreign learning.

Castle

The Manor House. It really shows how wealthy the lords used to be.

The Local Church
peasant's house.

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convention - (in this case)general agreement or consent. Chinese:慣例,習俗;常規 Spanish: convención

daybreak - dawn. Chinese:黎明 Spanish:amanecer

discrepancy - difference. Chinese:差異 Spanish:discrepancia

scarce - insufficient Chinese:缺乏的;不足的 Spanish:escaso

heresy - any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs, customs, etc. Chinese:異教;異端邪說 Spanish:herejía

by word of mouth - by speaking not by writing. Chinese:口傳 Spanish:el boca a boca

dsitribute - to pass out or to deliever. Chinese:分發 Spanish:distribuir

hostile - characteristic of an enemy. Chinese:敵人的,敵方的 Spanish:hostil

vicious - savage; ferocious. Chinese:邪惡的;墮落的 Spanish:fiero

neglect - to pay no attention or little attention. Chinese:忽視,忽略 Spanish:desatender

tend -1.to be disposed or inclined in action, operation, or effect to do something Chinese:傾向;易於 Spanish:tender

2.to look after; to take care of. Chinese:注意,關心 Spanish:ocuparse de; cuidar

" Always do what you are afraid to do." - Ralph Waldo

Hello, everyone! I know my blog is devoted to discuss about the Medieval Times, but it is also devoted to people who are learning English as a second language (mostly intermediate, post-intermediate and advanced learners). Therefore, I think it will be interesting to share a little bit of my experience of how I learned English. It is quite an adventure to tell. I hope this essay can benefit you and help you to press forward in your English learning adventure.



My English Learning Adventure

An American merchant ship is crying out for help to the German coast guard, “Mayday! Mayday! We are sinking! I repeat! We are sinking!” After a long hesitation and thinking, the German coast guard finally gave this reply, “What…What are you ‘sinking’ about?” That was a joke I can really identify with, because I was a joke to other people when I was learning English. Learning English is not as easy as it appears. It is difficult, but it is an adventurous and fun road. It has no short cuts, no room for procrastination. It requires determination, hard work, and a heart prepared for discouragement and disappointment.

Six years ago I came to Belize and started my English learning adventure. I had no clue what was happening in class. I felt as though I was an absolute outsider or an alien in that class. The most challenging classes were History and Spanish. With the English level I had before, it was very difficult and close to impossible for me to just give another part of my mind to learn another language. I used to sit in Spanish class and try to pick out any English words that I might be familiar with in order to understand. I am a student who is always striving for what I can do best. I had always had a high expectation of myself, but that time I felt hopelessly helpless. It seemed like no matter how hard I studied, it was just another day of struggling and confusion at school.

History class was another story. The teacher was from Jamaica and he had a heavy Jamaican accent. I tried strenuously to comprehend what he was trying to say, but I could not. I knew that under his heavy accent, there was a lot of valuable knowledge which I completely missed. When I opened the history textbook, all I saw were words like small worms crawling all over the pages. “What kind of history textbook has such a few pictures?” was the only thing I could think about.

My social life was also chaotic. Because of my language deficiency, it was hard to communicate not only with teachers but also with my fellow classmates. Even after a three month period, I still had a hard time remembering my classmates’ names and characteristics. Even though I didn’t understand much English, I was very aware of my classmates’ teasing and mocking my English. The frustration was so overwhelming that tears streamed down my face everyday when I got home. I felt as though I should just relinquish from this horrible experience.

Fortunately, the school noticed my difficulties, so they pulled me out of my Spanish and history classes and put me with three graders to do some reading. That was a big help. They not only took away my two most troublesome subjects, but it also gave me a lot of time to study English. There was also another Taiwanese girl named Amy in my class. She was my “personal translator”. After every single sentence my teacher would say, I would ask Amy “what does that mean?”. I know I must have annoyed her greatly, but regardless of that, she was still willing to offer her help. Half a year passed and one day, all of a sudden, I realized that I could understand what the teacher was talking about and I was getting all my homework right. I was so happy and surprised. My English was not that perfect yet, but I finally obtained the ability to study on my own and even make jokes.

Learning English is really not an effortless task. It is a long, dry, and discouraging process but one must be really prepared and determine to accept this assignment. Endurance and hard work are the two most important elements to recognize. However, if one presses on with much patience, the result will be even sweeter than what one can ever imagine.
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devoted - concentrate on a particular pursuit, occupation, purpose, cause. Chinese:獻身的 spanish:devoto
press forward/on - (in this case) continue moving forward. Chinese:奮力前進 Spanish:que sigue adelante
procrastination - to put off till the last minute. Chinese:耽擱到最後才做 Spanish:dejar las cosas para más tarde
discouragement - something that deprive of courage, confidence, or hope. Chinese:沮喪,氣餒 Spanish:algo que desalenta
strive - to make big efforts toward any goal. Chinese:努力,苦幹,奮鬥 Spanish:esforzarse
strenuously - adj. strenuous: forceful. Chinese:費勁的 Spanish:vigoroso
deficiency - insufficiency. Chinese:不足,缺乏 Spanish:deficiencia
relinquish - to give up. Chinese:放棄 Spanish:renunciar
infuriate - to make angry. Chinese:觸怒 Spanish:enfurecer
endurance - the ability or strength to continue or last, esp. despite fatigue, or stress. Chinese:忍耐,耐久力 Spanish:resistencia